Censorship As A Form Of Oppression - 1075 Words

In F451, Government uses censorship as a form of oppression, which is wrong because it takes away freedom and human rights. One way they do this is when firemen burn books to keep the populous from reading the books and obtaining information from them. Another way is how the government controls the people s every move, â€Å" My uncle was arrested another time†¦ for being a pedestrian.† Page 7. Similar to they way Nazi Germany controlled the populous of its time. And how on the train they play loud music to keep people from focusing and thinking. One way of thinking in the book is that the government burns books because some of them make people unhappy. Governments use censorship as a form of oppression of the populous. Ray Bradbury was born August 22, 1920 in Waukegan, Illinois to Ester Moberg Bradbury, a Swedish immigrant. When Bradbury was 14, in 1934, he and his parents moved to Los Angeles. As an adolescent and a young adult he grew up during World War II, and he finished high school during the Great Depression. In the 1920’s, 30’s and 40’s throughout the world there was a rising of totalitarian governments, Italy, Germany, Russia etc, â€Å"Totalitarianism, [is a] form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of the individual’s life to the authority of the government.† (http://www.britannica.com/topic/totalitarianism). Throughout history and the world in totalitarian and oppressive governments, thereShow MoreRelatedCensorship Is Not Freedom, Morality, And Safety Of The People1549 Words   |  7 PagesWhen you think of the word, â€Å"censorship†, what do you think of? Secrecy? Morality? Oppression? Liberals often see censorship as a limit set by the government. A limit to suppress the capabilities of the human race. A limit that keeps a country’s citizens intact. A limit that keeps the people ignorant so that the powerful can stay powerful. But what if I told you that censorship isn’t what the liberals say it is? What if I told you that censorship is the thing that is keeping our country togetherRead MoreThe Eyes Of The Modern World Have Long Borne Witness To1510 Words   |  7 Pagescall themselves the witnesses of this turmoil, but they are in fact the victims. Middle Easterners have long been the victims of corrupt systems of government and have endured the civil oppression forced upon them by these governments. In 2010 Middle Easterners began to collectively take a stand against this oppression. Widespread demonstrations and protests began in the middle of December as Middle Easterners began to take action against their governments. This movement spread all throughout the MiddleRead MoreThe Power Of The Government In Fahrenheit 451 And Red Queen803 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors that are closely related with the form of government, monarchy. The two books have many differences and similarities, most of them relating to the governments and laws presented in the stories. As stated before, the government is an important factor in both Fahrenheit 451 and Red Queen. Each government uses different techniques of oppression, one they have in common is censorship. In Fahrenheit 451, the government does not allow books or any form of information you can read. The regime doesRead MoreThe Journalistic Practices Of China1024 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical reform would be required. The issues facing journalism and media in China include social and legal punishments, radical censorship, a decline in foreign news agencies, and limited freedom of expression. My opinion is that these issues are a result of the political situation, especially the regulations, policies, and laws that restrict journalists. Communism and oppression have been identifying factors in China’s political and media infrastructures and it is clear through the current issues thatRead MoreFreedom For The Sake Of Security1383 Words   |  6 Pages Suppressing Freedom for The Sake of Security Our world today is filled with unnecessary oppression. Slavery is one common form of human oppression, but there are numerous other forms as well. War, death, hunger, and sadness caused the elders in the society of The Giver to force each citizen to live extremely structured, controlled lives. That structure and control effected each person’s ability to live unique, private, and free lives. The elders in The Giver wanted all the citizens in the communityRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Pornography887 Words   |  4 Pagesdignity. It is only to the extent that self-respect and the avoidance of pain are accepted as part of being human, that humiliation and the infliction of pain become eroticised and feminine. In this way, pornography becomes a means to facilitate the oppression of women and the exercise of masculine control. A possible objection to this argument is that although pornography may undermine gender equality, personal liberty and freedom of expression is of greater importance to society and therefore shouldRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511241 Words   |  5 PagesEinstein). In Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451, the novel explores censorships role as a hindrance on individuality, and the severe toll it takes on society’s self-awareness. Academia has widely argued the reason behind Bradbury’s dystopian themed work of art. Most interpretations of the novel suggest the work resembles anti-censorship propaganda. On the other hand, Bradbury himself stated: â€Å"I wasn’t worried about censorship-I was worried about people being turned into morons by TV† (Smolla, TheRead MoreCensorship Of The Beat Generation1062 Words   |  5 Pageswriting to reflect their situation as a form of comfort. However, there were restrictions on what was read, writ ten, heard and spoke due to the influence of communism. During this period of suppression, there a group of young, intelligent and anti-conformist boys who were studying at Colombia University. Jack Kerouac, William Burroughs, and Allen Ginsberg are the ‘founders’ of Beat Generation. The group beliefs focused on individuality, lack of censorship and salvation which shifted the lifestyleRead MoreAmerican Politics During The Vietnam War1370 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Vietnam War and was not just an American trend; in fact, two of the most influential and famous pieces of the early 20th century were products of political oppression on the other side of the world. Both Paul Hindemith, under the Nazi Regime, and Dmitri Shostakovich, under the communist reign of Stalin, managed to fight political oppression through their music. The two composers had very different ways of doing so. Hindemith wrote two separate pieces, one that directly opposed the Nazi regime, andRead MoreCens orship And Its Effect On Society1680 Words   |  7 PagesI. A. Censorship. This single word describes the world’s history of literary sabotage, the idea of rejecting a concept or other medium of propaganda simply because it exhibits a disagreeable or supposedly immorally tepid aspect, then forcibly substituting a more ‘ethical’ ideal. Since King Hammurabi stamped out the first cuneiform laws in Babylon, human society has experienced relentless episodes of chronic censorship. It wasn’t until the Roman Empire however, that the word censor was coined, meaning

Reflective Sociology Essay - 2218 Words

The last six weeks have challenged my preconceived ideas about sociology and the role that it plays in society in the popular and social media, my values, behaviours and belief system. What I hope to highlight throughout this reflective essay is what I have learnt and how that has shaped my new thought process and reinforced old thought patterns. Week one I learnt about the Sociological imagination where to quote C Wright â€Å"The sociological imagination enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography.† (Henslin et al., 2011). Upon further reflection of the reading material in Sociology a down to earth approach there was one particular story that really resonated with me. It was the illustration about expecting†¦show more content†¦Week three see’s the introduction of the fathers of sociology Auguste Comte, Herbert Spenser, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Georg Simmel. Karl Marx and Durkheim are the two that really resonate with me, Dur kheim due to his theories around the subject of suicide and how that subject is particularly personal with me and also Karl Marx theory around class inequality. Karl Marx believed that man’s basic needs were food and shelter and the evolution of these basic needs led to capitalism, after the industrial revolution we see there being two distinct classes of people the workers and the capitalist and the effect that this ultimately has on social aspect of society. Marx looked at the unequal power struggle in this theory and how that conflict would lead to socialism and eventually communism and it was then that he co-wrote with Englels in 1948 â€Å"The Communist Manifesto†. I can really see the same picture that Marx was looking at, even in today’s society in Australia we see the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer, but more evident in third world countries where there are polar opposites in wealth and power. 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Ideology and Objectives of Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda Free Essays

string(68) " derived from an Arabic root, which means to struggle or to strive\." Nowadays, every part has been stimulated and affected by various acts of violence and terrorism around the globe. A number of revolutionary movements are being advanced at a very faster rate. In the result, thousands of innocent people have died, and millions of people have lost their homes. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideology and Objectives of Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda or any similar topic only for you Order Now During this mode of international intimidation, we will try to comprehend and discuss one of the major terrorist groups around the world, which has affected millions of people and provided suffering to them. We will try to relate the ideologies and intentions related to one of the specific terrorist groups that has been the cause of various anti-terrorist campaigns, activities, as well as, wars by different and various countries, NGOs, organizations, and thousands of individuals around the world. We will also try to examine their every day activities, their related bodies, as well as, their utilization of the term of ‘jihad’ in their violent processes and other operations of the group. In this regard, we will also try to relate and link some of the major events of violence and terrorism that have occurred in different parts of the world, such as, 9/11 attack, London bombing, etc. Therefore, we will examine if there is anything happening for the elimination and reduction of the deterioration that has been caused by the group around the world. In this way, we will also go through a list of challenges that have to overcome by the different countries and international peace organizations in a mutual and sustainable manner, as all these factors are interrelated with each other in the processes of international peace. History Leadership An armed Sunni Islamist organization and group having the objective and intention to eliminate and eradicate foreign influences from the Muslim countries is Al-Qaeda, which has become one of the significant areas of focus in every country and state. One of the basic objectives of this group is the eradication of the ones, whom they deem and consider being infidels according to their theologies. One of the main purposes of this militant organization is the reestablishment of a state governed by a Caliph (Islamic leader), which is the title given to an Islamic leader controlling the political leadership, as well as, religious leadership in the religion of Islam. In this regard, struggle for the above-mentioned reestablishment of a caliph-governed-state was performed by the adherents of Wahhabism; that is, an orthodox conventional Islamic movement, which was named after its founder, Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, and Salafism; another orthodox Islamic fundamentalist movement. They are the prominent pioneers and militants of this armed group. These two movements of their Islam are very dominant in Saudi Arabia, Western Iraq, and Qatar. These countries played a vital role in the encouragement of the revolutionary activities of this militant group. In the year 1980, a Muslim organization was founded, namely ‘Maktab al-Khadamat’ (Place for Service) that resulted in the evolution of Al-Qaeda according to some of the experts and analysts in this field, which vary in number and cannot be specified in a paper. War against the Soviets, particularly, in Afghanistan, channelizing of funds, and recruitment of personnel who were trained by the Al-Qaeda were some of the main objectives of establishment of this organization. A Palestinian Islamic scholar, A. Azaan has been considered as the founder of this organization. He is considered as one of the influential leaders that remained the reason of Al-Qaeda activities for a long period. In this regard, paramilitary training camps were established and organized by this group, and Bin Laden was convinced and influenced by the Palestinian founder. In the result, funds were raised from the petro-billionaires of the Gulf, as well as, some of the royal families for this organization. However, some of the experts have analyzed that a major role has not been played by the MAK in the advancement of Al-Qaeda as a powerful opponent of the Western countries. The group is generally recognized by its leader, Osama bin Laden, whereas, Ayman al-Zawahiri has also influenced the practice, as well as, theory of this organization. A common cause is linking many collaborative and independent working cells, which may exist in more than one country, resulting in its operations to be not centralized from one place. The September 11 attacks on New York’s World Trade Center, as well as, on the Pentagon were the result of planning and execution of the abovementioned group that has committed multiple terrorism acts in the name of a term ‘jihad’ in the religion of Islam. In response, a number of series of legal, as well as, military operations were launched against the militant group, Al-Qaeda by the United States, which was supported by many other developed and developing countries, such as, Jordan, England, Egypt, Canada, Pakistan, etc. The United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, NATO, and the United Nations, have officially designated this group as harmful and terrorist organization due to its continuous radical acts in different parts of the world. Thus, in this section, we have tried to discuss the leadership and initial years of the Al-Qaeda briefly. Case Studies In late October 2001, al Jazeera, a Middle-east television network’s journalist, Tayseer Alouni, videotaped the Osama bin Laden’s interview, while he was explaining the origin of his group. In his interview, Osama said, ‘The name ‘al Qaeda’ was established a long time ago by mere chance. The late Abu Ebeida El-Banashiri established the training camps for our mujahedeen (trained force) against Soviet’s terrorism. We used to call the training camp al Qaeda [meaning â€Å"the base† in English] and the name stayed. In this interview of the year 2001, he used the word mujahedeen, which is used to describe the Muslims, who are ready to sacrifice their lives in any war or a meaning of struggle, often taken in the words, Jihad. In true Islamic context, it is an Islamic term that was derived from an Arabic root, which means to struggle or to strive. You read "Ideology and Objectives of Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda" in category "Papers" In the light of abovementioned reference, in religious terms, an inner effort and struggle for the mobilization of energies, in order to make one, a pious Muslim spiritually is called Jihad. Secondly, it is an attempt to serve the Islamic community and ummah through the mentioned capabilities. In extreme circumstances, it is regarded in military terms through the conquest of enemy’s territory or power. After knowing the true definition of Jihad in its Islamic terminology, a nonprofessional person can articulate that the ideology of Islam, which is being presented by these militant groups are fake and ridiculous. Islam is a religion of peace, which requires a Muslim to submit his will to the Almighty Allah, one God. Whereas, no Islamic context or Allah’s words have ordered to kill innocent people and frighten them with the bombings and suicide attacks. Historically, if we investigate and analyze the origin of Al-Qaeda, we come to know that it was originally established, where training was given to thousands of mujahedeen, and they were recruited in Soviet by the militant organization. In the month of January 2001, the U. S. Department of Justice used the term Al-Qaeda for the first time, when four men were accused in the case of United States embassy bombings in East Africa. Again, if we examine the concept of Al-Qaeda for these militant acts, we can take the example of another part of the previously mentioned interview of October 2001. During the interview, the Al-Qaeda leader was asked regarding his sources that were supporting his activities financially. In reply, Osama bin Laden said, ‘This battle is not between al Qaeda and the U. S. This is a battle of Muslims against the global crusaders. In the past, when al Qaeda fought with the mujahedeen, we were told, â€Å"Wow, can you defeat the Soviet Union? † The Soviet Union scared the whole world then. NATO used to tremble of fear of the Soviet Union. Where is that power now? We barely remember it. It broke down into many small states and Russia remained. God, who provided us with his support and kept us steadfast until the Soviet Union was defeated, is able to provide us once more with his support to defeat America on the same land and with the same people. We believe that the defeat of America is possible, with the help of God, and is even easier for us, God permitting, than the defeat of the Soviet Union was before. ’ According to this statement of the leader of Al-Qaeda group, this war is not with the United States, which is often assumed by the media, but with the global crusaders. Even if we accept this statement of the militant chief, do innocent people of New York or the students of the United Kingdom are regarded as crusaders in their opinions, which were killed in the 9/11 attacks at the World Trade Centre and London train bombings respectively. This would have really made anybody feel ridiculous of the statement, or of the terrorist dealings that are happening nowadays in the world. To take things more theoretically, we should try to gather around more facts. According to Diaa Rashwan, a senior researcher at the Al-Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies, in mid 1990s, a merger between the Bin Laden groups and the Zawahiri’s Al-Jihad groups was the result of a new name of this group, Qa’edat al-Jihad that means a base provided for the Jihad (the struggle). In the context of this section, we can have an understanding of the concept and theology of the Al-Qaeda leaders. Once again, the word Jihad was taken as the primary objective and purpose of this militant group, which was totally against the teachings of Islam. The young Muslims were brought into Afghanistan for the training purpose, brainwashed by these militants, and were turned into new Afghani Mujahedeens. In the month of August 1988, according to a document of the Defense Department of the United States, the organization was defined as the establishment of an organization for the recruitment of young Muslims, and turning them into Afghani Mujahedeen, as mentioned previously in our discussion. It was also stated in this document that the one of the main objectives of this group was instituting the Islamist states throughout the world, while overthrowing the un-Islamic regimes, which were taken as enemies of the God. The expulsion of soldiers of the United States from the Gulf was their one of the targets, and in the end, it was their mission to capture the city of Jerusalem as a sacred city of Muslims. If we look into the past, wars have been fought in the name of religion. However, no religion and even in the history of Islamic wars, we have never seen a war, in which innocent people, women, children were killed. From the historical facts and the teachings of Islam, given by the Allah, a last option was given to the Muslims to fight in the name of their religion, if and only if, there was no other option remained in their hands. (Ajaja, pp. 67-69, 2006) This means that the Al-Qaeda leaders portray their activities as reflection of Islamic teachings, which is quite a wrong thing according to the history and teachings of Islam. We can decide through these statements and discussions that it is a wrong thing to call this militant group as an Islamic militant group. Political and social reasons can and may be behind the establishment of this group. Personal benefits and leisure have been the cause and motive of this organization. However, it would be very ludicrous to relate it with the Islam. In this regard, Al-Qaeda is a militant group with extremists misguided by some of the leaders who are Muslims for their own leisure, luxury, and fame. The statements and writings of these groups may give a perception of a religion that gives the teaching of spreading blood and hatred in the world. However, their statements are very philosophical and illiterate in nature, if properly investigated and studied, as already being done by a number of experts and professionals around the world. In the year 1998, the Al-Qaeda leader was interviewed once again and the tape was shown to people of the whole world. If we analyze his statements during that interview, Allah was praised by him for the help, by which, America’s greatest buildings were destroyed. He was seen thanking God for His blessings on them, and causing humiliation that was tasted by Muslims since more than eighty years. According to Bin Laden, Muslims’ children were being killed in Muslim countries, Israeli tanks were infesting Palestine, and the blood, honor, and sanctuaries of Islam were being abused by the infidels. Even then, nobody was seen moving a single limb against these infidels according to Bin Laden. In one of his statements, he said, ‘These events have divided the whole world into two sides. The side of believers and the side of infidels, may God keep you away from them. Every Muslim has to rush to make his religion victorious. The winds of faith have come. The winds of change have come to eradicate oppression from the island of Muhammad, peace be upon Him. ’ If we look into this statement, according to him, his world was at the peak of division of the believers and the infidels. Secondly, he had asked every Muslim to wake up and rush out for the victory of his religion. Even if we accept, the injustices caused to the Muslims, and the injuries borne by them, no Islamic teachings guided to response in this manner, even with the enemies. If we go back into the history, Prophet Muhammad, the last Prophet of the Allah, and who spread Islam in the Arabia, he had also fought many wars during his life. We can see the examples of forgiveness that He used to perform with the enemies, and even used to forgive those persons, who had abused him on the face, or even stoned His body. From the abovementioned examples, it can be analyzed that the militant and terrorist acts of this Al-Qaeda group was not more than acts of political wars. The statements of Al-Qaeda group may be primary religious, but in some parts. More fractions were used to humiliate the enemy and disgrace the religion of Islam, and that is the reason, which made even the Islamic countries to support the War of Terrorism, such as, Islamic Republic of Pakistan that has supported the abovementioned war for the eradication of Al-Qaeda forces in different regions of the world. Injustices were also done during this war of terrorism, and even innocent people became victims during this period. However, no difference remains, if a person slaps someone, who has just slapped him. Every religion that came in this world, taught and guided to speak the truth, help the people, and serve the humanity. Therefore, if a group of extremists that arm themselves, kill innocent people and children of the so-called enemies, and call them the true believers, they are truly wrong. In this regard, all the evidences show that the members of this militant group are just misguided and brainwashed in order to fulfill the personal wishes of the leaders. Only radical and illiterate ideology of a religion is represented by these groups, and once again, one may not deem them as the representatives of Islam, which has often being done by most of the media and political authorities around the world. It has been analyzed that media has played a crucial role in the advancement of extremism of these terrorist groups around the world, which should be stopped by the concerned authorities, in order to acquire peace in the globe. In order to understand their philosophy in more detail, we should examine their other statements too. A ‘fatwa’ (binding religious proclamation) was issued and co-signed by Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Sumedh Gawai, and three of the other Islamist leaders on February 23, 1998. This edict was made under the banner of the World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders. Once again, it was very wrong step by them to use the word Islamic, as it only disgraced this religion, rather than giving it honor. In this declaration, it was announced that â€Å"the ruling to kill the Americans and their allies, civilians and military is an individual duty of every Muslim, who can do it in any country in which, it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque (in Jerusalem) and the Holy mosque (in Makka) from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together,’ and fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah. ’ In the light of the abovementioned pronouncement, it was compulsory for every Muslim to come out of his/her home and start fighting with any Jew that comes in front of him. Is not that a preposterous proclamation, or should it be taken as a dangerous edict? The most interesting thing, which takes attention of any person, is that traditional Islamic scholarly qualifications were possessed by neither Osama bin Laden or al-Zawahiri. However, the contemporary ‘ulema’ (true providers of Islamic teachings) were rejected by these radical extremists, and this responsibility was taken upon them by themselves. The September 11, 2001 attacks at New York’s World Trade Center and the Pentagon were the deadliest and the extreme cases in the American, as well as, World history. Almost 3000 people were killed, which included Christians, Jews, and interestingly, even Muslims. This act was an elevated operation of terrorism, and it changed the lives of thousand of Americans, as well as, millions of people around the globe. In the month of October 2004, a videotape was released by Al-Jazeera, in which, Osama bin Laden claimed his responsibility of these attacks, and he stated his inspiration to be the 1982 Israeli attacks at the high-rises in the Lebanon. Once more, he performed this act of repetition that was done wrongly in the past in a reciprocal manner. Even if Israel had done a devilish act, Islam had taught to forgive and pray for the blessings, even for the enemies. However, what happened was totally different and diverse from the Islamic teachings. In this way, the Al-Qaeda once again performed an anti-Islamic act in front of the globe. In this videotape, Osama bin Laden said, ‘As I looked at those demolished towers in Lebanon, it entered my mind that we should punish the oppressors in kind and that we should destroy towers in America, in order that they taste some of what we tasted and so that they be deterred from killing our women and children. ’ It seems from these terrorism acts and their statements that this would not stop in the near future, and a war may not be the solution of this issue. Their philosophy, ideology, and psychology are related to their hearts, and that tends them to react in this state of terrorism. One more example of their statements is the incident of July 13, 2006. In the Srinagar region of Kashmir, a man claimed to be the representative of Al-Qaeda, and announced the Muslims of Kashmir and the people worldwide, of their arrival in this region. Kashmiri Muslims have been struggling since 1947, but declaration of Al-Qaeda from this event showed the chances of more extremism in this region. The spokesperson also attributed the recent blasts to his group, calling them a consequence of Indian oppression, which was suppressed by the Muslim minorities. These series of different statements showed the image of Muslims and particularly, Islam as a religion of war, rather than the peace. These acts can only be the motives of political benefits and advantages, as no Islamic teachings teach the Muslims to do the struggle in this manner, even against their enemies. Therefore, once again, it would be better to declare that these statements and writings can only be a reflection of motives behind personal promotion, rather than the religious beliefs and teachings. However, it is still confusing to decide the final resolution, as the Al-Qaeda’s nature and extent of its working and operations throughout the world, remains an area of dispute. It has been observed that Quranic teachings are used for the justification of their activities. However, this group has not ever accepted the Quranic teaching that has encouraged forgiving rather than a war. As earlier mentioned in the paper, it has been observed that a number of anti-terrorist forces have been created, peace organizations have struggled to approach a resolution; but nothing has provided any nonviolent and peaceful solution, which has been a serious concern for a number of nations and millions of people around the globe. In this respect, the War on Terrorism has been one of the major counter responses that have been planned and implemented in various parts of the country, in order to eliminate and eradicate the Al-Qaeda group from the map of this planet. However, high-tech equipments, facilities and resources of super powers, such as, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, etc. have not been enough to eliminate such groups, particularly, the Al-Qaeda that has been the basic inspiration and support for the minor groups. Following the attacks of World Trade Centre, military, legal, as well as, individual actions were performed by various countries, which were deemed as the War on Terrorism. For instance, Pakistan played a crucial role in the War on Terrorism, as its forces put many Al-Qaeda members behind the bars near the Pak-Afghan border. Before the commencement of the abovementioned war, a chance of surrender was given to some of the top leaders of the Al-Qaeda by the United States government that was rejected by them. However, a neutral country was considered by the extremist leaders for the trial of Osama bin Laden, if evidences of involvement of the leader would be provided by the U. S. government. In response, the United States government rejected the proposal and deemed it as irrelevant. In the result, Afghanistan was invaded by the Western allies, and Taliban government was removed during this war. Obliteration of training camps and infrastructure of the Al-Qaeda was done by the Western armies with the support of air forces of various countries. In the result, it has been analyzed that most of the Al-Qaeda was deteriorated and its members spread in different parts of the country in minor groups. Many of the militants were arrested, and mostly, killed during the aerial bombardment by the Western air forces. Initially, success was celebrated in this war; however, still, some of the top leaders including Osama bin Laden has not been caught by the Western forces. Moreover, it has been analyzed and noted by some of the experts that increment of 607 percent has been observed in the attacks by the militant groups, particularly, in the Iraq. The United States, as well as, Americans in other parts of the world has been noted as in great danger by most of the diplomats around the world. In addition, the War on Terrorism has not been won by the United States and its allies, as noted and believed by approximately eighty-five percent of the experts in the field of foreign policy. Thus, the Al-Qaeda has not been eliminated yet, and attacks are being observed every other day in different parts of the world, predominantly, the places with Western allies and Americans around the world. It cannot be said that the Al-Qaeda has been eliminated, nor the United States have lost the war. The case study of the Al-Qaeda is still a mystery for some, and conflict for others. Conclusion From the understanding of the mentioned statements, it can be articulated that these acts and thoughts are the result of hatred against the United States, Israel, and other Western countries, rather than an effort of struggling as per the teachings of Islam. According to their Islamic ideology, these abovementioned countries are taken as the infidels and enemies of the Islam. They take it as these countries are trying to abuse the social, economic, cultural, and traditional values of their religion. Many of the Saudi, Sufi, and Shia scholars, who were results of the previously mentioned Wahhabism, wrote about the United States as the country of corruption, despotism, evil, and aggression. It was considered as a state of spreading abomination and corruption in the world. The resources being used on wines, cigarettes, and sex channels were the causes of their hatred against these Western countries. In order to dominate their desire of revenge against these states, they portrayed themselves as the true representatives, scholars, and believers of the religion of Islam. Young Muslims were brainwashed and persuaded to sacrifice their lives for the motive of Islam. However, the main objective was to humiliate the enemy, rather than to honor the religion. The different proclamations of these extremists, such as, the future conquest of Rome and all of the European continent, the state of confrontation with the West, civilians in the infidel states deserve to die, democracy as the religion of the infidels, and considering the West as God’s enemy, are some of the many and various statements given by these extremists, which only portray their personal motives behind these acts, and not the Islamic ideology in any sense. Many experts, writers, investigators, and analysts have tried their best to analyze the Al-Qaeda’s position, in light of their statements and writings, but it is still a topic of argument due to its anonymity. However, we have tried our best to examine and scrutinize the testimonials of this militant group, in order to decide their role as an Islamic group representing their religious teachings and belief, or an extremist side of coin that is trying to cope up its problems radically. Conclusively, according to the investigations done by different experts, and facts available for the analysis, Al-Qaeda network do not exhibit or seems to be trying to portray an original picture and ideology, which was given by the Holy Quran or the Messenger of Allah, to the Muslims of the world. Thus, this paper has studied and discussed initial days of the Al-Qaeda group, the causes that resulted in the extremism of their ideology, and authorities and individuals that have influenced the advancement and development of the Al-Qaeda, which has resulted in deterioration of millions of lives and valuable resources in different parts of the world. We analyzed during the paper that one of the main purposes of this militant organization is the reestablishment of the caliphate that is the title given to an Islamic leader controlling the political leadership, as well as, religious leadership in the religion of Islam. It is hoped that this paper will help students, teachers, professionals, and experts in the better understanding of the role of Al-Qaeda in the terrorism that has worsened and weakened the peace in the globe. References Brad K. Berner. 2005. The World According to Al-Qaeda. Booksurge Llc. Daurius Figueira. 2004. The Al Qaeda Discourse of the Greater Kufr. IUniverse. Dele Ajaja. 2006. The Return of Al-Qaeda: When a Dreaded Terrorist Reaches the Turning Point. IUniverse. Jason Burke. 2004. Al-Qaeda: a True Story of Radical Islam. I. B. Tauris. Olivier Roy. 2004. Globalised Islam: the search for a new Ummah. C. Hurst Co. Publishers. Paul J. Murphy. 2004. The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror. Brassey’s. Robert O. Marlin. 2005. What Does Al Qaeda Want? : Unedited Communiques. North Atlantic Books. .mce-content-body .mce-resizehandle.wildfire-hover { background: rgb(0, 0, 0); }; .mce-content-body [contenteditable="false"] [contenteditable="true"].wildfire-hover { outline: rgb(122, 202, 255) solid 2px; }; .mce-content-body img.wp-media.wildfire-hover { background-color: rgb(237, 237, 237); border-color: rgb(114, 119, 124); };a[data-wplink-url-error], a[data-wplink-url-error].wildfire-hover, a[data-wplink-url-error]:focus { outline: rgb(220, 50, 50) dotted 2px; position: relative; }; How to cite Ideology and Objectives of Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, Papers

Public Relations Errors in a Company Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Public Relations Errors in a Company. Answer: Introduction Public relations refers to the practice of an individual or an organization managing the flow and spread of information between a certain individual or organization and the public. An individual may not be significantly concerned about the image or information that other people have about him or her. Unless he or she is a famous person with a reputation, therefore, he or she would not make significant efforts to ensure that they maintain a positive reputation considering the aspects of individuals and other factors. Organizations, on the other hand, have a significant reason to ensure that they maintain a positive image. Without maintaining a positive image, it becomes completely difficult for any organization to convince customers that they can trust that its services and products are as effective as describes. The aspect of ensuring that a positive image is maintained in an appropriate manner, therefore, is an important aspect that is considered beneficial by all individuals. With this regard, therefore, it is appropriate to ensure that organizations handle different situations with concerns of their image and operations in an effective manner. Incidence description. The incidence took place on April 9th in the year 2017, when the organizationsmanagement announced that four passengers required to be removed from the flight, to accommodate four flight attendants needed by another flight in a different region where the plane was going. The organization offered 400 dollars to the individuals who would agree to give space to these attendants among other allowances. After no individual was willing to volunteer, the offer increased to 800 dollars to any individual who would volunteer. None of the passengers volunteered, and thus after a short while, a manager boarded the plane and explained that four individuals would be chosen by the computer and they would be the individuals who would leave the plane. After the choosing was made, however, one of the individuals refused to leave the place. Dr. David Dao explained that he had some patients that he wanted to see the next day and thus he refused to leave the place (Shugerman, 2017). The main incidence, however, took place after his refusal to leave the plane, immediately when the manager realized that Dr. Dao had no intentions of leaving the plane, he called security officers, who dramatically dragged him out of his chair. In his struggle to remain in his seat and proceed on with the flight, Dao suffered injuries in his head and his mouth. A passenger explained that one of the security men threw him against the armrest and then dragged him down the aisle while he was unconscious. This incidence was recorded by a large number of the flight passengers with the majority of them not being the happy with how the management of the airline had handled the issue. Almost every passenger was sympathizing with Dao and expressing that it was an in just action to drag him away in such a manner (Bacon, 2017). Aftermath occurrences After the occurrence of this incidence and a large number of individuals recorded and posted the videos of the incidence of social media, a lot of unrest and incidences occurred. One of the officers who dragged the passenger was immediately put on administrative leave, simply because of the way he handled the incidence in an acceptable and expected manner. On April 11, law firms stated that they were representing Gao in the activity of seeking justice and the expressed their appreciation for the prayers and support they were getting from sympathizers of what had happened to the passenger. After this statement, the Chicago Department of Aviation expressed that the incidence was not by its standards and that the department cannot in any way condone the actions that the security officers who dragged Gao involved in. The department continues to explain the training that the individuals are securing flights receiver and the pay, as a way of helping the public understand how such an incide nce occurred (Glowicki, 2017). Reaction by the public There was a significant reaction from the public about this incidence. To begin with, the flight customers who witnessed the incidence as it took place completely disagreed with the means through which one of their fellow passengers had been handled. It is out of this anger that majority of the individuals posted this information online and in social media platforms with completely negative comments concerning the organization. After this information was provided to the individuals, the next important aspect that the public was concerned about is the process through which they can help the passenger obtain justice. After the video was posted, it obtained about 6.8 million views within a time span of days, an aspect that reveals how concerned the public was about the issue. After the revelation that doctor Dao is a Vietnamese-Chinese, individuals from these two countries were significantly offended by the incidence. They all attained the brief that he was targeted because he was not f ully American like other individuals (Oliver, 2007). The need to understand the reason why this incidence took place occurred in the mind of many individuals. These individuals were significantly concerned in understanding the main reason why a well-reputed organization like United Airlines could simply decide to create an incidence by being racist and unjustly dragging a passenger out of place. This aspect has resulted in a large number of individuals being significantly against the organization and lacking the will to seek its services. Vietnam and Chinese individuals, for example, were significantly annoyed of this incidence and thus the majority of them picked up a grudge with the organization. This grudge caused the individuals to be less willing to board flights with the organization and instead decided to utilize a different organization as the place from where they receive flight services (Watkins, 2017). Recommendations based on the Public Relations Theory The public relations theory, as explained earlier explains that it is significantly important for any organization to ensure that it maintains a positive public image by making the decisions which are publicly acceptable and non-offending. To maintain a good image, therefore, organizations need to ensure that they operate in the most appropriate manner and that they do not in any way operate in a way that is negatively provoking to the public. This aspect is important for any organization because without an effective consideration of how the public views it, it becomes difficult for an individual to be well conversant with the means and methods that the organization can be considered beneficial. Effectiveness of operation makes organizations obtain an appropriate and good image which attracts customers. The incidence that took place in the United Airlines organization completely reveals the ineffectiveness of the organizationsmanagement in dealing with different situations (Magazine, 2012). There are some ways that the organization could have utilized to handle the situation in a much better way. To begin with, the organization may have realized that it was significantly important for the four flight attendants to leave the plane. Even before forcing four individuals to leave the plane against their will, therefore, the organization should have increased the benefits to the offer that it was making as compensation for the individuals who would agree to leave the plane and wait for another one. By agreeing to go without having any of the individuals being forced in any way, the individuals could not in any way have negatively provided negative expressions about the organization. This solution is thus a valid choice that the organization could have utilized to solve the incidence in a better way (Heaney, Rebolini, 2017). The other important option that the organization could also have utilized is the option of speaking to the individuals selected by the machine individually and in private, to consider their reasons for the need to leave the place so much. In almost all the journeys that are made with a group of individuals on board, a certain number of these individuals feel that making the journey is an emergency and a significant need according to their situation. There is, however, a number of other individuals who have the choice to leave at the time or later. The strategy of letting the computer decide and making that decision final was not appropriate and not considerate of the interest and voice of the passengers. This is because unlike a human being, the computer could not have considered the emergency level of the situation that the individuals it picked had. Dr. David Dao, for example, explained that the reason why he was extremely serious about being on board of the place was that he inten ded to see certain patients when he managed to get back. This aspect made him an inappropriate choice to leave the flight. If, however, the manager used a strategy where the individuals whom the computer choose were called aside or in a chamber that is away from the rest of the passengers and then provided with the situation that the flight had and the need to help by boarding another plane at a later date, the manager could have attained an opportunity to convince the passengers to accept leaving the place in a peaceful manner, and at the same time he or she would have managed to understand the urgency of the issue at hand. With this information, it would have been easier to obtain a peaceful and appropriate decision on the individuals that would be cleared to leave the plane and the allowances that they would get for making that decision (Gregory, 2004). Benefits and positive aspect of the recommended action The two courses of action that are recommended which theairline management could have utilized to handle the issue are significantly beneficial, compared to the decisions that the organization is currently utilizing. To begin with, the decision of adding the allowance which the organization was offering to the customers could have eventually achieved results after reaching a certain level, where individuals who did not have urgent matters to attend to, could have volunteered to get the money and the allowances offered. This aspect could have been beneficial for all the individuals involved and could also have helped the individuals manage to remain completely effective and capable of being appropriately able (Deuschl, 2006). The decision to call and listen to the case of every individual that was chosen to leave the flight and convince these individuals to leave the plane peacefully and wilfully is the other important aspect that could have helped to solve the issue at hand completely. To begin with, the incident occurred because one of the chosen individuals had an emergency to attend to, an aspect that brought about the need to leave with the flight without having any delays. Since the manager who boarded the place claimed that computers were used to pick the passengers who would give space to the flight attendants, it is clear that no specific procedure was utilized to enhance the needed and provided effectiveness. With this regard, therefore, the problem raised because the manager did not take time to listen to the needs of the chooses passenger and address the issue. He or she simply decided to use force to remove the resisting passenger from the seat and continue with the flight. This decision is s imply the major problem that the organization involved in, which caused the incidence to lead to the significant problems like it did (Green, 2010). Conclusions It is clear that the involvement of the organization in handling this situation was completely flawed. The major mistake which led to the occurrence of this incidence and the significant tarnishing of the united airline's organization image is the problem of being less capable and effective in operating appropriately. The organization failed in utilizing public relation based strategy in addressing the issue and thus it eventually caused the major problems of significant tarnishing of its image. To handle the situation in a better way, the organization could have avoided the dramatic use of force to remove the passenger from his seat when other passengers were watching. It could have utilized other effective strategies like the dialogue with the passenger and convincing as recommended. The implementation of the two recommendations could have helped the organization manage top avoid the large problems it is currently facing due to the occurrence of this incidence (Ali, 2002). References Ali, M. (2002).Practical marketing and public relations for the small business. London: Kogan Page. Bacon, J. (2017). United Airlines passenger dragged off flight suffered concussion, broken nose: US today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/04/13/united-airlines-david-dao-family-press-conference/100409492/ Deuschl, D. (2006).Travel and tourism public relations : an introductory guide for hospitality managers. Burlington, MA Oxford, UK: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Glowicki, M. (2017). United Flight 3411: A timeline: US Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/04/11/heres-what-happened-united-flight-3411/100333378/ Green, A. (2010).Creativity in public relations. London Philadelphia: Kogan Page. Gregory, A. (2004).Public relations in practice. London Sterling, VA: Kogan Page. Heaney, K. Rebolini, A. (2017).Public relations. New York: Grand Central Publishing. Magazine, E. (2012).Public Relations Business : Entrepreneur's Step-by-Step Startup Guide. New York: Entrepreneur Press. Mclntyre, N. (2017). United Airlines: Doctor dragged off Flight 3411 speaks out after the incident: Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/united-airlines-doctor-david-dao-drag-flight-3411-overbooking-chicago-hospital-a7679426.html Oliver, S. (2007).Public relations strategy. London Philadelphia: Kogan Page. Oliver, S. (2010).Public relations strategy. London Philadelphia: Kogan Page/CIPR. Shugerman, E. (2017). United Airlines offer refunds to all Flight 3411 passengers after Dr David Dao was dragged off plane: Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/united-airlines-flight-3411-refunds-david-dao-drag-off-plane-chicago-o-hare-airport-louisville-a7682566.html Smith, R. (2017).Strategic Planning for Public Relations. Milton: Taylor and Francis. Watkins, M. (2017). David Dao, passenger removed from United flight, now in spotlight: Courier Journal. Retrieved from https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2017/04/11/david-dao-passenger-removed-united-flight-doctor-troubled-past/100318320/

Physics IA bouncing ball Essay Example

Physics IA bouncing ball Paper 1. Put the ruler perpendicular to the flat surface.  2. Place the ruler in the arm of the metal stand and secure it tight so that the ruler can stay still; it must be perpendicular to the surface and parallel to the stand.  3. Grab the rubber ball and place it with one hand besides the 10cm mark in the ruler.  4. With the other hand have the chronometer in 0 seconds and be ready because as you are going to release the ball you have to start the count in the chronometer.  5. Drop the ball and start the count in the chronometer simultaneously. 6. Wait until the ball to stop bouncing completely, this is, wait for the ball to start rolling so that you can see movement just in the horizontal way or x-axis and not in the vertical way or y-axis, and in that specific time, stop the count.  7. In your physics lab table write the resultant time t for the height h of 10cm.  8. Repeat steps 3-6 twice and write the multiple resultant times in your physics lab table in order to have three time samples. This is for avoiding random errors.  9. Continue the pattern of releasing the ball from each multiple of 10 until reaching 100cm, measuring three times from each multiple of 10cm. Write the results in your physics lab table. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics IA bouncing ball specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physics IA bouncing ball specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physics IA bouncing ball specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 10. Calculate the average of the three times you measure for each multiple of 10cm to 100cm by using this formula:  Taverage= (T1+T2+T3)/3  and write it in your physics lab table in an extra column.  For more accurate results:  -Do not move the experiment while taking your measurements. If you change the place of the experiment, the surface texture, evenness, or slope may change as well, making the results less accurate.  -Use the SAME ball throughout all the experiment; each ball has in general the same characteristics, except that they usually are not perfectly round and they have different sizes and masses. By using the same ball you are increasing accuracy in your measurements. Uncerntanties The uncertainty of the dependant variable, which is the time t, is 0.35 s. This has been measured by subtracting the smallest value to the greatest value of time in every measurement of the height, and then the result of that was divided by 2. It can be better explained with this equation:  After that, the greatest difference of all the results is going to be the one that is chosen to be the uncertainty of time in every measure of height. In this experiment the greatest difference was found in the value of height 80cm, which was 0.35 because. Therefore, 3.5 is going to be the uncertainty of time. All values of time have been rounded to 0.10cm.  The uncertainty of the independent variable, which is the height h, is 0.1cm. This has been settled without any formal guidelines; the factor that just the human eye is used for this experiment and no other more accurate mechanism, gives an uncertainty because the human being is not perfect when measuring something. In this case, the hand can shake at the point of the ruler, or just the perspective of the experimenter can create some error coefficient when measuring the height using a ruler. All values of height have been rounded to 0.1cm.  The following graph was made with Logger Pro Software. I included the uncertainty bars and the computer generated the best straight line and determined the gradient.  Now, the graph is repeated with maximum and minimum gradients based on the extremes of the first and last data point uncertainty bars. Conclusion and Evaluation In Figure 1.3, which is the first graph of our results, there seems to be a direct relationship between the increase of time and the increase of height in the experiment. The straight line that the computer generated shows an increase in both x and y axes which represent the height and the time, respectively.  I can conclude by saying that the experiment of releasing a ball at certain heights, that in this case they were from 10cm in multiples of 10 till reaching a meter, and measuring multiple times to get an average, that in this case was measuring 3 times per measure of height the time it took for the ball to stop bouncing completely and then making a average time, that the hypothesis of height being proportional to time was right and has been proved by analyzing the results and graphs. Time t and the height h were proportional to each other because in the result graph we find a straight line with a slope that proves that proportionality. This makes the experiment successful because the objective of proving the hypothesis was achieved.  After analyzing these factors, the answer to the question How does altering the height when releasing a bouncing rubber ball affect the time until its complete rest in the vertical sense or y-axis? is that as the height increases where the ball is released, it is going to take more time until its rest in the vertical sense, and in the other hand, as the height decreases, the ball is going to take less time to stop bouncing. Problems and Improvement Originally, the experiment was meant to measure the time until the ball reached complete rest (in both x and y axes) so that it could be easy to stop the chronometer and be more accurate. The problem was that the ball would roll on the floor, and as the floor is an even texture, the ball would stop completely taking a lot of time doing it, and sometimes the time it would take to stop in some cases would be very different to other cases because the ball rolls in different directions every time. Changing the experiment of measuring the time until the ball achieved complete rest to measuring time till the ball achieved complete rest in the vertical sense or the y-axis was the solution to overcome this problem. It created a minor problem though. The problem is that the eye cant really see when the ball stops bouncing completely because there are some bounces in the y-axis that cannot be seen by the human eye because they are really minor, making the stopping of the chronometer count a little subjective and decreasing the accuracy of the experiment.

Pros and Cons of Utlizing a Traditional Grading Scale

Pros and Cons of Utlizing a Traditional Grading Scale The traditional grading scale is archaic with roots extending back to early education. This scale is commonplace in schools as most incorporate the traditional A-F grading scale as the core of student assessment. This scale may also have additional components such as incomplete or pass/fail courses. The following example of a traditional grading scale is what most schools in the United States rely on to evaluate student performance. A 90-100%B 80-89%C 70-79%D 60-69%F 0-59%I IncompleteU UnsatisfactoryN Needs ImprovementS Satisfactory In addition, many schools attach a system of pluses and minuses to extend the traditional grading system to quantify and establish a more tiered traditional grading scale. For example, a 90-93 is an A-, 94-96 is an A, and 97-100 is an A The traditional grading scale has been embraced by many schools across the country. This practice does have many opponents who feel that it is outdated and that there are more beneficial alternatives available. The remainder of this article will highlight some of the pros and cons of utilizing the traditional grading scale. Pros of a Traditional Grading Scale The traditional grading scale is universally recognized. Virtually everyone knows that earning an A is good while earning an F is associated with failure.The traditional grading scale is easy to interpret and understand. The simplistic nature of the system makes it user-friendly for teachers, students, and parents.The traditional grading scale allows for direct comparison from one student to another within a specific class. A student with an 88 in a 7th-grade geography class is performing better than another student with a 62 in the same class. Cons of a Traditional Grading Scale The traditional grading scale is easy to manipulate because it is often subjective in nature. For example, one math teacher may require students to show work, while another may only require answers. Therefore, a student making an A in one teachers class may be making a C in another teachers class even though the quality of the work they are doing is identical. This can make it difficult for schools and decision-makers who are trying to compare students using a traditional grading scale.The traditional grading scale is limited because it does not show what a student is learning or what they should be learning. It provides no explanation for why or how a student ended up with a particular grade. The traditional grading scale leads to hours of subjective grading and fosters a testing culture. While it may be simple for teachers to understand, it takes a lot of time to create and grade the assessments that drive the traditional grading system. Furthermore, it promotes a testing culture b ecause they are simpler to score than other assessment practices typically are.

Ballet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ballet - Essay Example At first the stories from Greek mythologies were used for the ballet but in Romantic genre the subjects changed and they started dealing with the conflicts between reality and illusion, flesh and spirit, love stories. Thus the breeze of new era was blowing everywhere which touched the ballet also. Women dancers for the first time learned to dance on their toes. Pointe technique, which requires the performer to dance on the tips of her toes, was a hallmark of Romantic ballet, as was the layered gauze skirt known as the tutu. [2] Marie Taglioni, at first wore filmy calf length costume that later on became the standard for ballet costume. One of the special characteristics of romantic ballet is that women achieved greater importance in the ballet, greater importance than even the men. The purpose of male dancer remained just for lifting the ballerinas i.e. female dancers to show how light weighted they are. The first Romantic Ballet was created by Italian choreographer Filippo Taglioni. Marie Taglioni, in the ballet â€Å"La Sylpide,† danced the part of the Sylphide, a supernatural figure who loved and then destroyed by a mortal man. She was the sensational personality and she had a grace of perfect romantic dancer. In that period in French opera ballet became the effecti ve weapon for achieving grand success. The ballets such as La Sylphide (1832), Giselle (1841), and Coppà ©lia (1870), had typical Romantic story lines. In romantic era the ballets generally used to focus on otherworldly beings. The Australian dancer Fanny Elsser popularized an earthier character. Some people think that the romantic ballet used to be very light and soft. The style used for the romantic ballet would be gothic style. â€Å"Much of the substance of the romantic ballet style was derived from Gothic folklore, the remnant of old superstitions and corruptions of historical facts.†[3] Witches and vamps were used to show